Design and validation of a forgiveness and selfforgiveness questionnaire in separated co-parenting couples.
Main Article Content
Keywords
Forgiveness, Self-forgiveness, Couples, Coparenting, Validation, Psychometric instrument
Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a selfreport questionnaire that contributes to the exploration of forgiveness and self-forgiveness in separated couples who co-parent. Regarding the methodology, a quantitative study is proposed to validate an instrument. The sample of 190 adults who presented separation of de facto marital union or marriage in the last 10 years; and exercised co-parenting with minor children. Factorial analysis and calculation of Cronbach’s Alpha were performed. As main results, the instrument shows that Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.8877, and the confirmatory factorial analysis carried out with the data of the instrument showed the presence of four dimensions of forgiveness - self-forgiveness, resentment, guilt and tranquility. In conclusion, the instrument reflects a good general internal consistency and for each item, in addition, factors whose questions are consistent with their concepts were identified.
References
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Bener, A., Griffiths, M. D., Baysoy, N. G., Catan, F., & Yurtseven, E. (2019). Internet addiction and the psychometric properties of the nineitem Internet Disorder Scale-Short Form: An application of rasch analysis. Addiction & Health, 11(4), 234. doi: 10.22122/ahj. v11i4.247
Bonach, K. (2005). Factors contributing to quality coparenting: Implications for family policy. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 43(3-4), 79–103. doi:10.1300/J087v43n03_05.
Bonach, K. (2009). Empirical support for the application of the forgiveness intervention model to postdivorce coparenting. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 50(1), 38-54. doi:10.1080/1050255080236563
Bonach, K., & Sales, E. (2002). Forgiveness as a mediator between post divorce cognitive processes and coparenting quality. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 38(1-2), 17–38. doi:10.1300/J087v38n01_02.
Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: Construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 759- 771. doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006008
Casullo, M., & Fernández, M. (2005). Evaluación de la capacidad de perdonar. Desarrollo y validación de una escala. Acta Psiquiátrica y psicológica de América Latina, 51(1), 14- 20. Recuperado de https://psycnet.apa.org/ record/2006-03416-002
Davis, D. E., Ho, M. Y., Griffin, B. J., Bell, C., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., ... & Westbrook, C. J. (2015). Forgiving the self and physical and mental health 68 correlates: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 329- 335. https://doi. org/10.1037/cou0000063
Enright, R. D. (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self‐forgiveness. Counseling and values, 40(2), 107-126.
Enright, R. y Fitzgibbons, R. (2015). Forgiveness therapy: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washingon DC: American Psychological Association.
Escapa, S. (2017). Los efectos del conflicto parental después del divorcio sobre el rendimiento educativo de los hijos: Effects of Post-Divorce Parental Conflict on Children’s Educational Achievement. Reis: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 41-57. Recuperado de https://www.jstor.org/ stable/26382353?seq=1
Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R., & Davila, J. (2004). Forgiveness and conflict resolution in marriage. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(1), 72-81. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.1.72
Gamgam Leanderz, Å., Hallgren, J., Henricson, M., Larsson, M., & Bäckström, C. (2021). Parental‐couple separation during the transition to parenthood. Nursing Open, 8(5), 2622-2636. doi: 10.1002/nop2.803
Gómez D, J. A. (2011). Fenomenología del divorcio (o la esencia de la separación) en mujeres. Psicologia & Sociedade, 23(2), 391- 397. Recuperado de https://www.scielo.br/scielo. php?pid= S010271822011000200020& script=sci_arttext&tlng=es
Guzmán G, M., Rivera O, D., Garrido, L., Contreras, P., & Yárnoz Y, S. (2019). Estructura factorial, invarianza métrica y propiedades psicométricas de la versión chilena del Cuestionario de Perdón a la expareja. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación-e Avaliação Psicológica, 3(52), 41-52. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo. oa?id=459661296005
Hopper, J. (2001). The symbolic origins of conflict in divorce. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 430-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1741-3737.2001.00430.x
Kluwer, E. (2016). Unforgiving motivations among divorced parents: Moderation of contact intention and contact frequency. Personal Relationships, 23, 818–833. https:// doi.org/10.1111/pere.12162
Lamela, D., Figueiredo, B., Bastos, A. et al.Typologies of Post-divorce Coparenting and Parental Well-Being, Parenting Quality and Children’s Psychological Adjustment. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 47, 716–728 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0604-5
Lazarus, R. y Folkman, S. (1986). Estrés y procesos cognitivos. Barcelona, España: Ediciones Martínez Roca, S. A.
Massengale, M., Choe, E., & Davis, D. E. (2017). Self-forgiveness and personal and
relational well-being. En L. Woodyatt, E. L. Jr. Worthington, M. Wenzel y B. J. Griffin (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of selfforgiveness (pp. 101-113). Springer, Cham
Médor, D. (2013). Divorcio, discriminación y autopercepción en un grupo de mujeres en Guadalajara, Jalisco. Papeles de población, 19(78), 41-64. Recuperado de http:// www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_ arttext&pid=S1405-74252013000400004
Paíno-Quesada, S. G., Aguilera-Jiménez, N., Rodríguez-Franco, L., Rodríguez-Díaz, F. J., & Alameda-Bailén, J. R. (2020). Adolescent conflict and Young adult couple relationships: Directionality of violence. International journal of psychological research, 13(2), 36-48. doi: 10.21500/20112084.4364
Paleari, F. G, Regalia, C., & Fincham, F.D. (2009). Measuring offence-specific forgiveness in marriage: The Marital Offencespecific Forgiveness Scale (MOFS). Psychological assessment, 21, 194-209. doi:10.1037/ a0016068
Pallarés, E. (2016). El perdón como fortaleza humana. Bilbao: Editorial Mensajero
Petren, R. E., Ferraro, A. J., Davis, T. R., & Pasley, K. (2017). Factors linked with coparenting support and conflict after divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 58(3), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2017.1300 013
Quero, M. (2010). Confiabilidad y coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach. Telos, 12(2), 248-252. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/ pdf/993/99315569010.pdf
Rosales-Sarabia, R. M. (2014). Validación de una escala del perdón en la relación de pareja. Memorias del XXII Congreso Mexicano de Psicología, 1436-1438.
Rye, M. S., Fleri, A. M., Moore, C. D., Worthington, Jr, E. L., Wade, N. G., Sandage, S. J., & Cook, K. M. (2012). Evaluation of an intervention designed to help divorced parents forgive their ex-spouse. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(3), 231–245. doi: 10.1080/10502556.2012.663275.
Rye, M. S., Folck, C. D., Heim, T. A., Olszewski, B. T., & Traina, E. (2004). Forgiveness of an ex-spouse. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 41(3-4), 31-51. doi:10.1300/j087v41n03_02
Rye, M. S., Loiacono, D. M., Folck, C. D., Olszewski, B. T., Heim, T. A., & Madia, B. P. (2001). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales. Current psychology, 20(3), 260-277. doi.org/10.1007/ s12144-001-1011-6
Visser, M., Finkenauer, C., Schoemaker, K., Kluwer, E., van der Rijken, R., van Lawick, J., ... & Lamers-Winkelman, F. (2017). I’ll never forgive you: High conflict divorce, social network, and co-parenting conflicts. Journal of child and family studies, 26(11), 3055- 3066. doi: 10.1007/s10826-017-0821-6
Worthington, E. L., Lavelock, C., vanOyen Witvliet, C., Rye, M. S., Tsang, J. A., & Toussaint, L. (2015). Measures of forgiveness: Self-report, physiological, chemical, and behavioral indicators. En G. Boyle, D. Saklofske, G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 474- 502). Academic Press
Yárnoz Yaben, S., Garmendia, A., & Comino, P. (2016). Looking at the bright side: Forgiveness and subjective well-being in divorced Spanish parents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 1905-1919. doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9677-x
Yárnoz-Yaben, S. (2013). Forgiveness, adjustment to divorce and support from the former spouse in Spain. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(2), 289-297. doi:10.1007/ s10826-013-9835-x
Yárnoz-Yaben, S. (2015). Forgiveness, adjustment to divorce and support from the former spouse in Spain. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(2), 289-297. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10826-013-9835-x
Yárnoz-Yaben, S., & González, P. C. (2012). Un instrumento para la evaluación del perdón en el ámbito del divorcio y la separación. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 12(1), 49-58. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/ pdf/560/56023335004.pdf
Yárnoz, S., Plazaola, M., & Etxeberria, J. (2008). Adaptation to divorce: An Attachment-based intervention with longterm divorced parents. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 49, 291–307. https://doi. org/10.1080/10502550802222246
Wade, S. H. (1989). The development of a scale to measure forgiveness (Doctoral dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary, School of Psychology). https://www.proquest. com/openview/f3806b426fd554df03b14f986 e2974d3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750 &diss=y
Webb, J. R., Bumgarner, D. J., Conway-Williams, E., Dangel, T., & Hall, B. B. (2017). A consensus definition of self-forgiveness: Implications for assessment and treatment. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 4(3), 216–227. https://doi. org/10.1037/scp0000138
Woodyatt, L., & Wenzel, M. (2014). A needsbased perspective on self-forgiveness: Addressing threat to moral identity as a means of encouraging interpersonal and intrapersonal restoration. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.09.012
Worthington, E., Hook, J. N., Utsey, S. O., Williams, J., Vitvliet, C. V. O., Nir, T., & Dueck, A. (2008). Decisional and Emotional forgiveness: Conceptualization and development of self-report measures. Manuscrito no publicado. Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Virginia Commonwealth.
Worthington, E. L., Lavelock, C., vanOyen Witvliet, C., Rye, M. S., Tsang, J. A., & Toussaint, L. (2015). Measures of forgiveness: Self-report, physiological, chemical, and behavioral indicators. En G. Boyle, D. Saklofske, G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 474- 502). Academic Press.
Bener, A., Griffiths, M. D., Baysoy, N. G., Catan, F., & Yurtseven, E. (2019). Internet addiction and the psychometric properties of the nineitem Internet Disorder Scale-Short Form: An application of rasch analysis. Addiction & Health, 11(4), 234. doi: 10.22122/ahj. v11i4.247
Bonach, K. (2005). Factors contributing to quality coparenting: Implications for family policy. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 43(3-4), 79–103. doi:10.1300/J087v43n03_05.
Bonach, K. (2009). Empirical support for the application of the forgiveness intervention model to postdivorce coparenting. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 50(1), 38-54. doi:10.1080/1050255080236563
Bonach, K., & Sales, E. (2002). Forgiveness as a mediator between post divorce cognitive processes and coparenting quality. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 38(1-2), 17–38. doi:10.1300/J087v38n01_02.
Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: Construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 759- 771. doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006008
Casullo, M., & Fernández, M. (2005). Evaluación de la capacidad de perdonar. Desarrollo y validación de una escala. Acta Psiquiátrica y psicológica de América Latina, 51(1), 14- 20. Recuperado de https://psycnet.apa.org/ record/2006-03416-002
Davis, D. E., Ho, M. Y., Griffin, B. J., Bell, C., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., ... & Westbrook, C. J. (2015). Forgiving the self and physical and mental health 68 correlates: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 329- 335. https://doi. org/10.1037/cou0000063
Enright, R. D. (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self‐forgiveness. Counseling and values, 40(2), 107-126.
Enright, R. y Fitzgibbons, R. (2015). Forgiveness therapy: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washingon DC: American Psychological Association.
Escapa, S. (2017). Los efectos del conflicto parental después del divorcio sobre el rendimiento educativo de los hijos: Effects of Post-Divorce Parental Conflict on Children’s Educational Achievement. Reis: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 41-57. Recuperado de https://www.jstor.org/ stable/26382353?seq=1
Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R., & Davila, J. (2004). Forgiveness and conflict resolution in marriage. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(1), 72-81. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.1.72
Gamgam Leanderz, Å., Hallgren, J., Henricson, M., Larsson, M., & Bäckström, C. (2021). Parental‐couple separation during the transition to parenthood. Nursing Open, 8(5), 2622-2636. doi: 10.1002/nop2.803
Gómez D, J. A. (2011). Fenomenología del divorcio (o la esencia de la separación) en mujeres. Psicologia & Sociedade, 23(2), 391- 397. Recuperado de https://www.scielo.br/scielo. php?pid= S010271822011000200020& script=sci_arttext&tlng=es
Guzmán G, M., Rivera O, D., Garrido, L., Contreras, P., & Yárnoz Y, S. (2019). Estructura factorial, invarianza métrica y propiedades psicométricas de la versión chilena del Cuestionario de Perdón a la expareja. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación-e Avaliação Psicológica, 3(52), 41-52. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo. oa?id=459661296005
Hopper, J. (2001). The symbolic origins of conflict in divorce. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 430-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1741-3737.2001.00430.x
Kluwer, E. (2016). Unforgiving motivations among divorced parents: Moderation of contact intention and contact frequency. Personal Relationships, 23, 818–833. https:// doi.org/10.1111/pere.12162
Lamela, D., Figueiredo, B., Bastos, A. et al.Typologies of Post-divorce Coparenting and Parental Well-Being, Parenting Quality and Children’s Psychological Adjustment. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 47, 716–728 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0604-5
Lazarus, R. y Folkman, S. (1986). Estrés y procesos cognitivos. Barcelona, España: Ediciones Martínez Roca, S. A.
Massengale, M., Choe, E., & Davis, D. E. (2017). Self-forgiveness and personal and
relational well-being. En L. Woodyatt, E. L. Jr. Worthington, M. Wenzel y B. J. Griffin (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of selfforgiveness (pp. 101-113). Springer, Cham
Médor, D. (2013). Divorcio, discriminación y autopercepción en un grupo de mujeres en Guadalajara, Jalisco. Papeles de población, 19(78), 41-64. Recuperado de http:// www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_ arttext&pid=S1405-74252013000400004
Paíno-Quesada, S. G., Aguilera-Jiménez, N., Rodríguez-Franco, L., Rodríguez-Díaz, F. J., & Alameda-Bailén, J. R. (2020). Adolescent conflict and Young adult couple relationships: Directionality of violence. International journal of psychological research, 13(2), 36-48. doi: 10.21500/20112084.4364
Paleari, F. G, Regalia, C., & Fincham, F.D. (2009). Measuring offence-specific forgiveness in marriage: The Marital Offencespecific Forgiveness Scale (MOFS). Psychological assessment, 21, 194-209. doi:10.1037/ a0016068
Pallarés, E. (2016). El perdón como fortaleza humana. Bilbao: Editorial Mensajero
Petren, R. E., Ferraro, A. J., Davis, T. R., & Pasley, K. (2017). Factors linked with coparenting support and conflict after divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 58(3), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2017.1300 013
Quero, M. (2010). Confiabilidad y coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach. Telos, 12(2), 248-252. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/ pdf/993/99315569010.pdf
Rosales-Sarabia, R. M. (2014). Validación de una escala del perdón en la relación de pareja. Memorias del XXII Congreso Mexicano de Psicología, 1436-1438.
Rye, M. S., Fleri, A. M., Moore, C. D., Worthington, Jr, E. L., Wade, N. G., Sandage, S. J., & Cook, K. M. (2012). Evaluation of an intervention designed to help divorced parents forgive their ex-spouse. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(3), 231–245. doi: 10.1080/10502556.2012.663275.
Rye, M. S., Folck, C. D., Heim, T. A., Olszewski, B. T., & Traina, E. (2004). Forgiveness of an ex-spouse. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 41(3-4), 31-51. doi:10.1300/j087v41n03_02
Rye, M. S., Loiacono, D. M., Folck, C. D., Olszewski, B. T., Heim, T. A., & Madia, B. P. (2001). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales. Current psychology, 20(3), 260-277. doi.org/10.1007/ s12144-001-1011-6
Visser, M., Finkenauer, C., Schoemaker, K., Kluwer, E., van der Rijken, R., van Lawick, J., ... & Lamers-Winkelman, F. (2017). I’ll never forgive you: High conflict divorce, social network, and co-parenting conflicts. Journal of child and family studies, 26(11), 3055- 3066. doi: 10.1007/s10826-017-0821-6
Worthington, E. L., Lavelock, C., vanOyen Witvliet, C., Rye, M. S., Tsang, J. A., & Toussaint, L. (2015). Measures of forgiveness: Self-report, physiological, chemical, and behavioral indicators. En G. Boyle, D. Saklofske, G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 474- 502). Academic Press
Yárnoz Yaben, S., Garmendia, A., & Comino, P. (2016). Looking at the bright side: Forgiveness and subjective well-being in divorced Spanish parents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 1905-1919. doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9677-x
Yárnoz-Yaben, S. (2013). Forgiveness, adjustment to divorce and support from the former spouse in Spain. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(2), 289-297. doi:10.1007/ s10826-013-9835-x
Yárnoz-Yaben, S. (2015). Forgiveness, adjustment to divorce and support from the former spouse in Spain. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(2), 289-297. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10826-013-9835-x
Yárnoz-Yaben, S., & González, P. C. (2012). Un instrumento para la evaluación del perdón en el ámbito del divorcio y la separación. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 12(1), 49-58. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/ pdf/560/56023335004.pdf
Yárnoz, S., Plazaola, M., & Etxeberria, J. (2008). Adaptation to divorce: An Attachment-based intervention with longterm divorced parents. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 49, 291–307. https://doi. org/10.1080/10502550802222246
Wade, S. H. (1989). The development of a scale to measure forgiveness (Doctoral dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary, School of Psychology). https://www.proquest. com/openview/f3806b426fd554df03b14f986 e2974d3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750 &diss=y
Webb, J. R., Bumgarner, D. J., Conway-Williams, E., Dangel, T., & Hall, B. B. (2017). A consensus definition of self-forgiveness: Implications for assessment and treatment. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 4(3), 216–227. https://doi. org/10.1037/scp0000138
Woodyatt, L., & Wenzel, M. (2014). A needsbased perspective on self-forgiveness: Addressing threat to moral identity as a means of encouraging interpersonal and intrapersonal restoration. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.09.012
Worthington, E., Hook, J. N., Utsey, S. O., Williams, J., Vitvliet, C. V. O., Nir, T., & Dueck, A. (2008). Decisional and Emotional forgiveness: Conceptualization and development of self-report measures. Manuscrito no publicado. Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Virginia Commonwealth.
Worthington, E. L., Lavelock, C., vanOyen Witvliet, C., Rye, M. S., Tsang, J. A., & Toussaint, L. (2015). Measures of forgiveness: Self-report, physiological, chemical, and behavioral indicators. En G. Boyle, D. Saklofske, G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 474- 502). Academic Press.
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Design and validation of a forgiveness and selfforgiveness questionnaire in separated co-parenting couples. bol.redipe [Internet]. 2022 Jul. 1 [cited 2024 Sep. 16];11(07):72-85. Available from: https://revista.redipe.org/index.php/1/article/view/1856
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Author Biographies
Héctor Andrés Orejarena Silva, University Corporation Minute of God Bucaramanga, Colombia
University Corporation Minute of God Bucaramanga, Colombia
Hadder Uriel Acosta Salazar, Autonomous University of Bucaramanga, Colombia
Autonomous University of Bucaramanga, Colombia
Queila Yanire Rodríguez Guarín, University Corporation Minute of God Bucaramanga, Colombia
University Corporation Minute of God Bucaramanga, Colombia
Raquel Rivera Carvajal, University of Santander Bucaramanga, Colombia
University of Santander Bucaramanga, Colombia
How to Cite
1.
Design and validation of a forgiveness and selfforgiveness questionnaire in separated co-parenting couples. bol.redipe [Internet]. 2022 Jul. 1 [cited 2024 Sep. 16];11(07):72-85. Available from: https://revista.redipe.org/index.php/1/article/view/1856